Lots of studies have examined HP, measurement methods and factors affecting it, in which different definitions are given. HP have been investigated by researches for decades (the first paper was presented by Spicer in 1964 cited by Plez and Krupat, 1974). Factors such as pedestrian, motorist or cyclist, unusual object on the road, pedestrian sidewalk on highway, the car that is parking, road construction sites, traffic control equipment, road side entrance to main road, front car breakdown or warning and other thereof factors are included as driving hazards. In other words, hazard is defined as a dangerous, unsafe and unusual driving event. Hazard is defined as “the probability of a vehicle collision with a moving or stationary object or its deviation of road because of changing its speed or direction”. Several studies consider the traffic incidents occurrence rate directly relevant to the level of driver’s skills in recognizing and reacting of driving hazards.
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Higher rate of accidents among fresh young drivers is related to their failure to recogne driving dangers and their reaction towards them.
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About one third (32%) of mortality rate caused by accident is related to the ages of 15 to 17 this rate decreases substantially after getting driving license and by maturing and gaining experience in driving. Based on international reports, passengers of vehicles have the highest mortality rate among road users in 2020. Human errors are the reason of 95% of traffic accidents. Among mentioned factors, human factor is identified as the most important factor causes these incidents. Researches performed on traffic accidents mentioned three factors of human, road and vehicle as elements cause the accidents. įindings of studies show that traffic accidents are preventable and discriminating the nature of cause and effect has a significant effect on preventing RTIs. Therefore, World Health Organization (WHO) predicts that traffic accidents will be one of the biggest future problems of the world. Although, corrective activities were implemented in all countries especially LMIC in 2013 to reduce the traffic accidents and to safe the roads, there isn’t still any significant reduction in the number of traffic accidents and its complications. Traffic incident is the main reason for casualty among 5-20-year-old people around the world, as well. That, death casualty because of traffic accidents is over 1.36 million annually worldwide and around 50 million are also injured each year. Nowadays in the world particularly in Low-Middle income countries (LMIC), traffic accidents and its consequent injuries are the most important and the main factors of disability and death.
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